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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Replika-Trick</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Der <b>Replika-Trick</b> ist ein mathematischer Trick, der insbesondere in der <a href="Statistische_Mechanik" title="Statistische Mechanik">Statistischen Mechanik</a> bzw. <a href="Statistische_Physik" title="Statistische Physik">Statistischen Physik</a> dazu verwendet wird, <a href="Zustandssumme" title="Zustandssumme">Zustandssummen</a>, oder genauer gesagt den Logarithmus der Zustandssumme und damit die <a href="Freie_Energie" title="Freie Energie">Freie Energie</a> zu berechnen, wenn die direkte Bestimmung deutlich schwieriger oder unmöglich ist. Er wurde in der statistischen Mechanik zuerst von <a href="Mark_Kac" title="Mark Kac">Mark Kac</a> genutzt und 1975 von <a href="Sam_Edwards_(Physiker)" title="Sam Edwards (Physiker)">Edwards</a> und <a href="Philip_Warren_Anderson" title="Philip Warren Anderson">Anderson</a>, Grinstein und Luther, sowie Emery im Zusammenhang mit dem sog. <a href="Spinglas" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinglas">Spinglas</a>-Problem unabhängig wiederentdeckt. Er basiert auf der mathematischen <a href="Identit%C3%A4tsgleichung" title="Identitätsgleichung">Identität</a>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lim _{n\to 0}{{\overline {Z^{n}}}-1 \over n}={\overline {\ln Z}},}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<msup>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
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<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
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<mover>
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<mi>ln</mi>
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<mo>,</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lim _{n\to 0}{{\overline {Z^{n}}}-1 \over n}={\overline {\ln Z}},}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/14c26d3098d81dea776ddb9dbeee666ea35d367c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:19.647ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lim _{n\to 0}{{\overline {Z^{n}}}-1 \over n}={\overline {\ln Z}},}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Z</mi>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Z}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1cc6b75e09a8aa3f04d8584b11db534f88fb56bd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.68ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Z}" loading="lazy"></span> die Zustandssumme und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> die Anzahl der identischen Systeme (Replikas) bezeichnet. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Z^{n}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Z^{n}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d4183afbbcfca3b02b3417fc664ea5e5236ed22e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.927ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Z^{n}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist dann die Zustandssumme der <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> Replikas, und es interessiert der <a href="Grenzwert_(Funktion)" title="Grenzwert (Funktion)">Limes</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n\to 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n\to 0}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/51bd7c39354511ab6c0738e58a2939ca097abd6c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.171ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n\to 0}" loading="lazy"></span>. Der Strich bezeichnet den <a href="Mittelwert" title="Mittelwert">Mittelwert</a> über die statistische Unordnung. Anhand der Gewichtung der Replikas unterscheidet man zwischen replika-symmetrischen Lösungen, bei denen alle Replikas eine symmetrische Rolle spielen, und Fällen, in denen Replika-Symmetrie-Brechung (RSB) auftritt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anwendungen_in_der_Spinglas-Theorie">Anwendungen in der Spinglas-Theorie</h2></div>
<p>Der Trick wird besonders in der <a href="Spinglas" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinglas">Spinglas-Theorie</a> verwendet, wobei sich besonders der Italiener <a href="Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Giorgio Parisi</a> durch eine grundlegende, in <a href="Hierarchie" title="Hierarchie">hierarchischer Weise</a> die Replika-Symmetrie brechende mathematische Lösung hervorgetan hat.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mathematisches">Mathematisches</h2></div>
<p>Es existiert kein allgemeiner Satz über die mathematische Korrektheit der Methode, sodass man auf konkrete Vergleiche mit exakten Resultaten angewiesen ist, die auf komplizierterem Wege mit anderen Methoden gewonnen wurde. Wenn allerdings die Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {\ln Z}}(z\in U)}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow>
<mi>ln</mi>
<mo><!-- --></mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
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<mo accent="false">¯<!-- ¯ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>z</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>U</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {\ln Z}}(z\in U)}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5fa03b495dbcaafacb74d793bf5539fd188968fb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.703ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {\ln Z}}(z\in U)}" loading="lazy"></span> von der Punktmenge <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G\ \equiv \{n=0,1,2,...,\infty \}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mo>≡<!-- ≡ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G\ \equiv \{n=0,1,2,...,\infty \}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c2b7d92824cca900307757635a2f1aa6c2642434.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:25.373ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G\ \equiv \{n=0,1,2,...,\infty \}}" loading="lazy"></span> zu einer komplex-analytischen Funktion erweitert werden kann, die in einer den Punkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \infty }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \infty }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c26c105004f30c27aa7c2a9c601550a4183b1f21.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \infty }" loading="lazy"></span> einschließenden offenen Umgebung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U\ (\in \mathbb {C} )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>U</mi>
<mtext> </mtext>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">C</mi>
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<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U\ (\in \mathbb {C} )}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a4884b4ee6fc711f38431ba3af3742b1fc3f8885.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.046ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U\ (\in \mathbb {C} )}" loading="lazy"></span> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> definiert ist, dann wird diese Funktion nach einem Satz der <a href="Funktionentheorie" title="Funktionentheorie">Funktionentheorie</a> durch die Werte auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}" loading="lazy"></span> vollständig bestimmt,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> weil die besagte Menge bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n=\infty }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n=\infty }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/40c93fd8fa11a9b05557492cd993bb04ac63c36c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.817ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n=\infty }" loading="lazy"></span> einen <a href="H%C3%A4ufungspunkt" title="Häufungspunkt">Häufungspunkt</a> hat. Auch alle Ableitungen bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/26819344e55f5e671c76c07c18eb4291fcec85ae.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.656ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n=0}" loading="lazy"></span> sind in diesem Fall vollständig bestimmt. Es geht hier sowohl das Verhalten bei 0 und indirekt auch das Verhalten bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \infty }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \infty }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c26c105004f30c27aa7c2a9c601550a4183b1f21.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \infty }" loading="lazy"></span> ein.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>M. Kac, Trondheim Theoretical Physics Seminar, Nordita Publ. No. 286, 1968 (unpublished); and T.-F. Lin, J. Math. Phys. 11, 1584 (1970).</li>
<li><a href="Sam_Edwards_(Physiker)" title="Sam Edwards (Physiker)">Samuel Edwards</a>, <a href="Philip_Warren_Anderson" title="Philip Warren Anderson">Philip Warren Anderson</a>: <i>Theory of spin glasses.</i> Phys. F: Met. Phys. 5 965 (1975), <a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/0305-4608/5/5/017" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1088/0305-4608/5/5/017">doi:10.1088/0305-4608/5/5/017</a>.</li>
<li>G. Grinstein, A. Luther: <i>Application of the renormalization group to phase transitions in disordered systems</i>, Phys. Rev. B 13, 1329–1343, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.13.1329" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.13.1329">doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.13.1329</a>.</li>
<li>V. J. Emery, Phys.: <i>Critical properties of many-component systems</i>, Rev. B 11, 239 (1975). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.11.239" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.11.239">doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.11.239</a>.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Giorgio Parisi</a>: <i>On the replica approach to spin glasses.</i> <a href="ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arxiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/9412004">cond-mat/9412004</a>, Vortrag gehalten im Februar 1994.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Heinrich_Behnke" title="Heinrich Behnke">Heinrich Behnke</a>, <a href="Friedrich_Sommer_(Mathematiker)" title="Friedrich Sommer (Mathematiker)">Friedrich Sommer</a>: <i>Theorie der Funktionen einer komplexen Veränderlichen.</i> Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1976, ISBN 3-540-07768-5.</span>
</li>
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